Matter in our surroundings

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Matter:
• Anything in the universe that (which) has mass (or volume) and occupies (takes or covers) some space is called matter.

• We can feel mattel by our five senses.
which is feel by our five senses.

For ex: Air, food, stones, clouds, stars, planets, animals, a small drop of water, a particle of sand, Chair, almonds, lemon water etc.

Note: Love, smell, hate, thought, smell of perfume, Heat, Sunlight are not considered as matter.

Note: Smell is not matter, it is a sensation that is triggered by the interaction of matter with our olfactory receptors. 

• The smell of any matter is due to the Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by them.

• When volatile molecules from a substance enter our nose and bind to the receptors in our olfactory epithelium, they send signals to our brain, which we perceive as smell.

Physical Nature of Matter or Characteristics of Matter

i) MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES

• All the matter are made up of very small indivisible neutral particle called atoms i.e Atoms are the smallest constituents (particle) of matter.

• These particles of matter (i.e Atoms ) are too (very-very) small beyond our imagination, so they cannot be seen by naked eyes or simple microscope.

• We cannot see these particles (Atoms) by naked eye or by any simple microscope but we can see the matter.

• A tiny (small) crystal of potassium permaganate color is the loss volume of water which shows that it is made up of millions of small particles.

ii) PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM

• When we dissolve two or more substance the particles of one type of matter get adjust into the spaces between particles of the other which shows that there is enough space between particles of matter.

For Ex : Sugar, salt, Dettol, or potassium permanganate, Copper Sulphate, tea, coffee or lemonade (nimbu paani ), got evenly distributed when dissolved in water without changing the volume of water tells us that there are much space between the particles of water.

iii) PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE CONTINUOUSLY MOVING

• Particles of matter are continuously moving because they possess (have) kinetic energy.

• As the temperature rises (increass), particles move faster i.e with increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the particles also increases so particles moves faster.

Evidence : Dissolving a solid in a liquid (potasium paramagnet or copper sulfate crystal in water), mixing of two gases, movement of pollen grain in water (Brownian-Zig Zag mortion), burning an incense stick (Agarbatti).

iv) PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER

• Particles of matter have forces acting between them which keeps (binds or bonded) the particles together.

• The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.

• The force of attraction is maximum in the particles of solid matter, minimum in the particles of gases matter and intermediate in liquids.

For Ex: Piece of Chalk, a cube of ice, iron nail, plank of wood have different force of attraction in it.

• Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five basic elements - "Panch Tatva"- air, earth, fire, sky and water based on their observations of the natural world.

• According to this classification, they says that, everything in the universe, including living and non-living beings, is made up of these five basic elements in varying (different) proportions.

•Modern day scientists classified matter into two types on the basis of their properties.

1) Physical properties
2) Chemical properties


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